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Throughout the course of our karatedo training, we take for granted the grading system that
awards our belt ranking and titles. Sometimes this system is manifestly personal, with the headmaster--and only he--bestowing
each promotion directly, according to his own standards. Often, the testing for and awarding of rank is a more bureaucratic
affair, with a committee exercising a perfunctory duty in a formally standardized and even routine mannerless ceremony, yet
somehow more officious.
The recent writings of Hanshi Richard Kim of the Butoku-kai (Dojo Fall 1993) taught how the
dan/kyu (degree) system was adopted by modem budo systems, promulgated by the Butoku-kai, and codified in its final form for
Japanese karatedo by the Federation of All Japan Karatedo Organizations (FAJKO). To truly understand this ranking system,
it is important to gain a clearer insight into how the various masters obtained their ranking, since that forms the basis
for your rank.
This much we know for certain: On April 12, 1924, Gichin Funakoshi, the "Father of Modern
Karate," awarded karate's first black belt dan upon seven men. The recipients included Hironori Ohtsuka, founder of wado-ryu
karatedo, Shinken Gima, later of gima-ha shoto-ryu, and Ante Tokuda, Gima's cousin, who received a nidan (second degree) black
belt. Like Gima, Tokuda had trained extensively in Okinawa before coming to Japan proper. The others were Kasuya, Akiba, Shimizu
and Hirose. This beginning was a highly personal, yet formal ceremony in which Funakoshi is said to have handed out lengths
of black belting to his pupils. Still there is no evidence that Funakoshi himself had ranking in any budo under the dan/kyu
system.
Actually, Funakoshi was greatly influenced by Jigoro Kano, aristocratic founder of judo, and
originator of the dan/kyu system. Kano was a highly respected individual, and Funakoshi prided himself on being an educated
and "proper" man who rightly believed that he was acting correctly. Kano's system was not only being applied to judo, but
to other budo as well under the aegis of the Butoku-kai and the Japanese Ministry of Education. Funakoshi, then, just adopted
the order of the day: a ranking system officially sanctioned by Japan's greatest martial arts entities. Funakoshi's own rank
was of no consequence, since it seems that belt ranking was really just something for the students, not for headmasters.
For its part, the Butoku-kai issued instructor's licenses: the titles renshi (the lowest),
kyoshi, and hanshi (the highest). It would be a while before the dan/kyu system became universal in karate. By the end of
the 1930s, each karate group was called upon to register with the butoku-kai for official sanctioning, and in 1938, a meeting
of the Butoku-kai's official karatedo leaders was held in Tokyo. Its purpose was to discuss the standards for awarding rank
within their art. Attending, among others, were Hironori Ohtsuka of wado-ryu, Kenwa Mabuni of shito-ryu, Kensei Kinjo (Kaneshiro)
and Sannosuke Ueshima of kushin-ryu, Tatsuo Yamada of Nippon kempo, Koyu Konishi of shindo-jinen-ryu, and a young Gogen Yamaguchi
of goju-ryu. Most of these men were founders of their own styles, and as such automatically became the highest rank that their
agreed-on respective standards allowed. Yamaguchi assumed leadership of goju-ryu because, we are told, goju-ryu's founder,
Chojun Miyagi, personally asked him to take the leadership of the style in Japan. About then, Funakoshi also finalized the
grading standards for use at his shotokan dojo.
Of course, the Butoku-kai continued to sanction head teachers directly. This was not without
controversy, however, since Konishi sat on the board that awarded Funakoshi his renshi and Konishi had been Funakoshi's student.
Of course, Konishi had inside ties to the Butoku-kai by virtue of birth, something the Okinawan Funakoshi could not have.
Back on Okinawa, the dan/kyu system did not become universal until after World War II. It
was not unknown there, however, and some individual teachers did utilize the black belt. Judo had been practiced on Okinawa
at least since the 1920s. In fact, it was at a Judo Black Belt Association (Yudanshakai) meeting on Okinawa that Miyagi and
shito-ryu's Kenwa Mabuni demonstrated karate kata (forms) for Jigoro Kano garnering praises from the judo founder. Miyagi,
it should be noted, became the first karate expert given the title of kyoshi (master) from the butoku-kai in 1937. Miyagi
was then appointed chief of its Okinawan branch
After the ravages of war in the Pacific, the surviving karate leaders had to begin anew. With
the Butoku-kai administration shut down for years to come, each karate group was on its own. The acknowledged leaders of each
faction, as well as individual dojo chiefs, gave out dan ranks based upon all original sanctioning by the Butoku-kai or mandates
inherited directly from the ryu's founder.
Rushing in to fill the vacuum left by the Butoku-kai, various dojo coalesced to perpetuate
the art and legitimize its members' ranks. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, each new association, including the Gojukai,
Shito-kai, Chito-kai, Shotokai and Japan Karate associations codified their rules and issued rank accordingly. Generally,
several instructors created a board of directors or council to govern the association. Some officer, be it the chief instructor,
president, director or chairman would have signature authority on menjo (rank certificates). In this way, the senior-most
members would attain their rank by being acknowledged and "signed off" by the board or committee. Other times, a senior member
of one faction would attain high enough rank from the faction-head to then go out and form his own style or organization.
Supposedly, the famous Masutatsu Oyama received his eighth dan from Goju-kai head Gogen Yamaguchi. Oyama later formed his
own style that was not completely a type of goju-ryu.
Usually in a legalistic and officious way these groups would simply adopt or adhere to some
even higher authority or granting agency to further legitimize their actions. Recognition by the Japanese Ministry of Education
was the ultimate sanction for individuals and groups in these times. Also new associations -- both in Japan proper and in
Okinawa -- appeared. These became the grantor ranking authority, much in the way the Butoku-kai had acted previously. These
new organizations were to set the pattern and be the original source for today's ranking. As with the single-style clubs,
the head instructors often assumed the rank for which they were qualified, based on criteria they wrote themselves.
One of the first was the All Japan Karatedo Federation, which seems to have started shortly
after World War II as a confederation of headmasters such as Funakoshi, Chitose, Mabuni, Yamaguchi and Toyama. They regularized
the dan/kyu system to some extent, and with this group the modern Japanese karate ranking system became the norm. This unity
did not last however. For example, the ranking was not consistent from group to group in the upper levels. The shotokan associations
such as the JKA and the Shotokai only used up to godan (fifth rank) at this time. As a result, some groups had ceased to participate
by the early 1950s.
Even more reminiscent of the Butoku-kai was the International Martial Arts Federation (IMAF),
known as the Kokusai Budoin. Originally named the National Japan Health Association, IMAF was launched in 1952 by powerful
martial artists from several disciplines. From judo there was Kyuzo Mifune, Kazuo Ito and Shizuo Sato. From kendo came Hakudo
Nakayama and Hiromasa Takano, and from karatedo there was Hironori Ohtsuka. Its first chairman was Prince Tsunenori Kaya.
From the start, IMAF was set up by senior martial artists to preserve and promote various budo to create a mutually supportive
network. A ranking system consisting of first through tenth dan, as well as the title system of renshi, kyoshi and hanshi,
was adopted. Now highly respected and skilled instructors could have a direct avenue for promotion themselves. Several karateka
including Gogen Yamaguchi, Hironori Ohtsuka (I and II), and more recently, Hirokazu Kanazawa of shotokan, received their highest
grades through IMAF.
For Okinawa, the dan/kyu system did not really take hold until 1956, with the formation of
the Okinawa Karate Association (OKF). Chosin Chibana, first to name his system shorin-ryu, was the first president. According
to the historical data of the Shudokan (a Japanese group started by Kanken Toyama in Tokyo), Chibana and Toyama were officially
recognized by the Japanese Ministry of Education to grant any rank in the art of karate, regardless of style. Chibana helped
organize the OKF, and it was then that the mainstream Okinawan groups, on a widespread basis, began differentiating their
black belt ranks as other than simple teacher and student demarcations.
A talented and, some say, colorful character, Toyama gave several certifications as largess
to dojo heads in Okinawa and Japan proper. These were usually shibucho ("superintendent," from the feudal area commander title)
diplomas. These certifications set up the individuals so named as head of their own branch of the All Japan Karatedo Federation
and, by extension, of their own groups. Eizo Shimabuku, founder of the shobayashi-ryu/shorin-ryu faction (a Kyan-type tomarite/shurite
shorin-ryu blend), traces his own tenth dan to a Toyama certification. Shimabuku's assumption of the tenth dan, and his wearing
of a red belt, was not without dispute, and it was controversies of this type that led most Okinawan leaders to eschew the
red belt altogether.
The AJKF did not last as a unified group of different styles in Japan proper. Toyama's foray
back to Okinawa did lead later to the formation of the AJKF-Okinawa Branch with the organizing help of Isamu Tamotsu. Tamotsu
became a student of Okinawa's Zenryo Shimabuku (of Kyan-type shorinryu) and would become known as the soke (style head) of
the Japanese faction of Shorinji-ryu. In 1960, the Okinawan branch of the AJKF organized with Zenryo Shimabuku as president.
A constituent group of this AJKF was the Okinawa Kempo League headed up by Shigeru Nakamura and Zenryo Shimabuku as a loose
confederation of various technique sharing dojo.
Like other associations, the AJKF Okinawa Branch provided for the ranking of its member instructors.
It operated as a rival to the Okinawa Karate Federation. However, it did not last long either and its member schools drifted
away and formed other alliances. Its emblem did not die, however. The same patch is still used by Tsuyoshi Chitose's Chito-kai.
The center karate leaders continued on their own or became part of other groups, using authority inherited mostly from members
of one of the original Okinawan organizations, the most significant is the All Okinawa Karate and Kobudo Rengokai. Formed
by Seitoku Higa as a successor to the Okinawa Federation in 1967, the Okinawa detail of the emblem was used to distinguish
each member group. Seiyu Oyata can be seen wearing this patch in Dojo, Fall 1993, page 13.
Chitose was a founding member of the original Japanese AJKF, but his tenth dan was issued
in 1958, according to the Chitokai, by the All Okinawa Karate Kobudo Rengokai. His hanshi title was issued by the same group
in 1962. This is confusing however, since the AOKK-Rengokai was not formed until 1967. It grew out of an earlier group: the
Okinawa Kobudo Federation that was organized in 1961. This later group was organized by Seitoku Higa (of various lineages
related to shorin-ryu) and Seikichi Uehara (molobu-ryu). Higa had been ranked by Toyama while living in Japan and may have
been connected with the original AJKF.
As we learned from Richard Kim, the most significant event in the use of the dan/kyu system
in karate was the formation of the FAJKO in 1964. All the major groups and factions of Japanese karatedo were brought under
FAJKO's umbrella. By 1971, a ranking structure was adopted that standardized all the systems. High rank was issued to FAJKO
member instructors by the organization's board. In this way, heads of constituent organizations could be upgraded, much as
in earlier attempts at confederacy. An earlier, but smaller, confederacy of schools with rank-sanctioning authority was the
Japan Karatedo Rengokai, which still exists and is a member of FAJKO.
After the birth of FAJKO, the JKA upgraded its own ranking requirements to conform. Sixth
and eighth dans were awarded in the JKA back in the mid-1960s, and Hidetaka Nishiyama in Los Angeles was one of those upgraded
at that time. Though not all groups participate in FAJKO these days, most still are tied to that organization in terms of
rank structure and sanction. Others, not so tied, have conformed to the FAJKO criteria and standards nonetheless.
Shortly after FAJKO was launched, the Okinawans formed the All Okinawa Karatedo Federation
as a successor to the old OKF. Members of both the OKF and AJKF-Okinawa Branch became part of the new association. Some of
Okinawa's most mainstream karate leaders formed the AOKF board. These included Nagamine, Zenryo Shimabuku, Meitoku Yagi of
gojuryu, Kanei Uechi of uechi-ryu and Yuchoku Higa of shorin-ryu. They adopted a dan/kyu and renshi, kyoshi, hanshi (plus
a hanshisei) system almost identical to FAJKOs.
Other karate leaders continued on their own or became part of other groups, using authority
inherited mostly from members of one of the original Okinawan organizations. Probably the most significant is the All Okinawa
Karate and Kobudo Rengokai. Formed by Seitku Higa as a successor to the Okinawa Kobudo Federation in 1967, the Okinawa Rengokai
also adopted very similar standards to the AOKF. Higa's organizations had certified as hanshi--and hence supreme instructor--several
who were style or group heads in their own right. These included Shinsuke Kaneshima of Tozan-ryu from shurite, Hohan Soken
of matsumura shorin-ryu, Shinpo Matayoshi of matayoshi kobudo Kenko Nakaima of ryuel-ryu, ShianToma of shorin-ryu (Kyan type)
and motobu-ryu, Tatsuo Shimabuku of isshin-ryu, Shosei Kina of uhuchiku kobudo, and Zenryo Shimabuku of shorin-ryu.
It is clear that karate ranks sprang from several original sources -- a relatively modem construct
on an old martial art. It was issued by individuals and institutions with set standards that were recognized by other prestigious
groups and individuals. And this is the crux of the matter: For rank to be recognized, the bestower must be recognized within
karate's mainstream community. It must be based in tradition, and linked to a body or sanctioned individual who is perceived
as beyond reproach. The standards by which rank is achieved and given must be recognizable, and conform to already existing
norms in the Okinawan/Japanese martial arts hierarchy. Anyone can print up or write a fancy certificate, but absent of any
governmental or legal guidelines, it is the recognition and acceptance by existing groups and institutions that give each
ranking group or individual its legitimacy.
The development of the ranking system is a typically human development, with rivalries and
contradictions, and our own masters received their rank in different ways. The highest-ranked of the old masters did not-could
not-receive the tenth dan from their "style." They were invariably ranked by someone else and applied this grade to their
own group. This is still true. As in a medieval European knighting, originally any knight could dub another, then regal institutions
took over. However, it is the skill and knowledge that gains the rank, not vice versa. The quest for rank, per se, misses
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